V1
Ant Mound Question
Talks about how the strucutres of an ant mound and why it is such.. Provides two contrasting views that explains why these strucutures exist. Author support the 2nd theory.
Q1)According to the first theory 名字忘记了, what is the purpoes of the tunnels?
Answer has something to do with air flow
Q2) If the passages were sealed, what would happen according to passage?
Answer deals with humidity
Q3) 暂时想不起来，过会儿补充
V2 by 大大尧
土著人在地下建特别的建筑，有复杂的内部结构，两种不同的理论讨论内部的温控，第一种是说热空气通过tunnels上升冷却，再下来，这样循环。第二种是说里面是恒温的，气体交换是维持内部空气的湿度稳定，还有空气成分稳定，这样里面有一种菌类可以生长。
V3 by lysiane
有道讲terminate mound 的function 的
P1在某建筑还是nest的地方发现一个烟囱一样的东西，有人说他是用来维持这个建筑的温度的
第二段反驳，说是用来空气流通保持humidity CO2等
问主旨，选的refute一个然后提出一个alternative的
有道问如果这个tm的passage被sealed了会怎样，定位在第二段
※往届考古 已确认
V1 by spchen
好像是一种动物在巢穴的周围挖了一系列的小隧道，有一个人提出这些隧道是为了保持巢穴恒温，第二段说前面的假说错误因为巢穴没有恒温，提出了一个假说是为了保持空气流通，保持一定的湿度
V2 by foxwill
一种动物蚂蚁的巢穴，有一个中心(大概是chamber)，然后还有很多小隧道(形似mound)，连接他们并通往地面高处。第一个人提出一种理论认为，这些小隧道是用来保持chamber温度的。巢穴里因为蚂蚁的新陈代谢，温度会不断上升。而被加热的温度mound挥发出去，地面的降低温度又通过mouth补充进来，从而保持巢穴温度不会太高。
然而，第二个人发现保持温度的理论不对。这些mound的作用是保持空气流通的。因为他发现这先mound的出口都在地面XX处(有一个合成词，什么ground-level啥玩意的，描述这个地面特点，我理解为高处通风处，具体的大家可以在考场上判读，不要受我误导)。巢穴中的空气通过mound排出，新鲜空气中的氧气，二氧化碳和其他成分通过mound补充进来，从而保证了巢穴内空气的流通(前面的同学说这段还提到了湿度，这个我记不清了，感觉好象是选项里出现的未定位内容，待确定)。
然后举了个例子，说另外一种昆虫也有类似的巢穴结构，并且因此而具有强大的生命力。如果这种昆虫没有这个巢穴结果，他们会被surpressed，因为他们的竞争对手生命力比他们更强。
题目都不难，找准定位就好。记得有道比较阴险的：
1)问：第一个人的理论关于mound的有：1)保持mound和chamber的温度一致(这是个陷阱选项);(2)使得巢穴内空气与外界交换(这是正确选项，因为第一个人的描述，保持温度也是通过气体交换实现的)。这题我比较确定我的答案，当时的定位比较清晰。
2)然后还有道好像是问关于第三段那个例子的，说例子昆虫和他的竞争对手咋样咋样，这题读懂我上面说的应该就够了，忘记具体问啥了。
3)好像还有一道(不太确定)是问第一个人和第二个人理论的共通点?有这题的话肯定选都是气体交换了，很明显。
4)然后好像还有一题是针对地面XX处那个合成词的，把这个词理解好了就能解题了。具体问什么实在想不起来，有别的同学给提示一下的估计能想起来，呵呵。
v3 by gloria6113 Host age is one of the keyfactors in host–parasite relationships as it possibly affects infestationlevels, parasite-induced mortality of a host, and parasite distribution amonghost individuals. We tested two alternative hypotheses about infestationpattern and survival under parasitism in relation to host age. The first hypothesisassumes that parasites are recruited faster than they die and, thus, suggeststhat adult hosts will show higher infestation levels than juveniles because theformer have more time to accumulate parasites. The second hypothesis assumesthat parasites die faster than they are recruited and, thus, suggests thatadults will show lower infestation levels because of acquired immune responseand/or the mortality of heavily infested juveniles and, thus, selection forless infested adults. As the negative effects of parasites on host are oftenintensity-dependent, we expected that the age-related differences ininfestation may be translated to lower or higher survival under parasitism ofadults, in the cases of the first and the second hypotheses, respectively. Wemanipulated ectoparasite numbers using insecticide and assessed the infestationpattern in adult and juvenile gerbils (Gerbillus andersoni) in the Negev Desert.We found only a partial support for age-dependent parasitism. No age-relateddifferences in infestation and distribution among host individuals were foundafter adjusting the ectoparasite numbers to the host’s surface area. However,age-related differences in survival under parasitism were revealed. Thesurvival probability of parasitized juveniles decreased in about 48% comparedto unparasitized hosts while the survival probability of adults was notaffected by ectoparasites. Our results suggest that the effect of host age onhost–parasite dynamics may not explicitly be determined by age-dependentdifferences in ectoparasite recruitment or mortality processes but may also beaffected by other host-related and parasite-related traits
V4 by lupisces
是那个蚁穴 降温还是通风的。问题有一个是问2个理论的共同点 2. 第一个观点认为下面那个是对的
V5 by wang_mm2000
寄生那篇文章，所google到的部分其实只是考试文章的第一段，后面还有很重要的一段没有。而且有三道细节题出在第二段，其中有一道问如果adult and juvenile have the same surface area ,which of followingwill be true? 还有一道问soil erosion,请大家定位文章的最后一句话， 我就是没注意这个词，结果浪费了不少时间去找。
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